Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease is a general term for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which refers to ischemic or hemorrhagic diseases of the heart, brain and systemic tissues caused by hyperlipidemia, blood viscosity, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. These diseases including coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, heart failure, sudden cardiac death, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, etc.

Cardiovascular disease is a serious threat to human, the elderly health of common diseases, especially the age of 50 has the characteristics of high prevalence, high morbidity and high mortality, therefore, the research of cardiovascular disease, has been the key and difficult point for medical research.

Heart cerebrovascular disease mainly include four aspects: 

1) small atherosclerosis, hypertensive arteriosclerosis and vascular factors such as arteritis; 

2) hemodynamic factors such as hypertension; 

3) hyperlipidemia, diabetes, abnormal blood rheology; 

4) blood composition factors such as leukemia, anemia, thrombocytosis.

【Lecture time】

According to the main categories of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular pathology, common markers are roughly classified as follows:

01. Markers of blood lipids/Disease of heart head blood-vessel biology

The main components of blood lipids are total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein LDL, and high-density lipoprotein HDL.

Serum total cholesterol and atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke and other closely related to disease of heart head blood-vessel, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis formation has a clear relationship; Lowering serum cholesterol can reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease and stop the progression of atherosclerotic plaque.

Triglycerides, as the most abundant lipid in the human body, most organizations are permitted to use energy triglyceride breakdown products, at the same time, the liver, fat and other organizations also can undertake the synthesis of triglycerides, stored in fat tissue. Triglycerides are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Elevated serum triglycerides can be seen in familial hypertriglyceridemia, dietary high triglyceride and secondary to some diseases such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome and pancreatitis, atherosclerosis, glycogen storage disease, etc.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), which combines with cholesterol, is an important factor in arteriosclerosis. The higher the level of LDL cholesterol, the greater the likelihood of arteriosclerosis. LDL cholesterol is often called "bad" cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and combined with the formation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as intravascular scavenger, transfer the cholesterol from the organization to the liver, have the function of the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, also known as "good" cholesterol.

02. Markers of inflammation/Disease of heart head blood-vessel biology

IL-6 can induce the synthesis of acute-phase proteins, and excessive acute-phase proteins are a risk factor for atherogenesis. IL - 6 levels rise at an early stage can increase the risk of future myocardial infarction, recent studies have confirmed that high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with coronary artery disease, IL6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF - a) a serum levels were significantly elevated, At the same time, the increased levels of these factors can lead to the deterioration of complications such as dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension.

03. Markers of myocardial injury/Disease of heart head blood-vessel biology

After myocardial injury, blood levels of markers within 6 h, known in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) most of the early markers of early pathological process of myocardial necrosis (before), the application can help early diagnosis, early markers of which help to early treatment.

CK-MB can be used for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction without skeletal muscle damage, and is also suitable for early diagnosis. The clinical specificity of CK-MB is higher than that of myoglobin, and repeated detection at different times is helpful for the diagnosis of AMI.

Cardiac troponin (cTn) strong specificity, high sensitivity, long time after the onset, is one of the better identify markers diagnosis of myocardial injury. It is mainly used in the clinical diagnosis, risk estimation and post-judgment of myocardial ischemic injury such as ACS (including silent angina pectoris, unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction). In addition, it can also be used in the evaluation of clinical thrombolytic therapy after MI, the estimation of myocardial ischemic injury area, and the clinical diagnosis of myocarditis.

04. Markers related to coagulation/Disease of heart head blood-vessel biology

Under normal physiological conditions, the blood flow in the circulation system of blood vessels, on the one hand must maintain fluid condition does not occur solidification; On the other hand, in the event of trauma, can through normal hemostatic hemostatic mechanism to achieve. The normal hemostatic mechanism includes vasoconstriction and platelet reaction, coagulation and anticoagulation system, and fibrinolytic system. The coagulation and anticoagulation systems maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium under normal conditions, and once this balance is dysregulated, abnormal bleeding or thrombosis can occur.

Many cardiovascular diseases are closely related to thrombosis. In recent years, many studies have shown that some coagulation factors or anticoagulant protein gene polymorphisms in the human body are related to the occurrence of thrombotic diseases. Cardiovascular thrombosis caused by myocardial infarction (MI) and cerebral infarction (CI), coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity is increasing year by year. Changes in some coagulation factors are also considered as risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. According to the existing studies, most of the coagulation factors in the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways are closely related to the occurrence and development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

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